While the Roman Republic was a time of great advances in science, art, and architecture, the "fall of Rome" refers to the end of the Roman Empire in 476 CE. Rome had tangled with Germanic tribes for centuries, but by the 300s “barbarian” groups like the Goths had encroached beyond the Empire’s borders. If the emperor could not or would not campaign in person on a frontier and one of his generals was successful, the latter would sometimes be proclaimed emperor by his troops, perhaps even against his will.
Although Roman resilience and resources were stretched to near breaking point by a string of defeats, Rome ultimately emerged victorious, and the war marked the end of Carthage as a regional power.The Third Punic War (149–146 BC) was a foregone conclusion, in which Rome was finally successful in destroying its hated rival.The Punic Wars left Rome as the dominant power in the western Mediterranean. Yet, with the exception of Nero seeking scapegoats for the great fire of Rome in AD 64, emperors had not sponsored this persecution.In AD 249, in the face of mounting troubles and seeking to restore divine favour to Rome, the emperor Decius ordered all his subjects to sacrifice to the pagan gods.

These range from the rise of Christian monks and clergy (so many unproductive mouths to feed) to impotence brought on by too many hot baths.In recent times, some scholars have argued that Rome’s collapse was a process of accommodation and compromise between the Romans and the various barbarian peoples.
Greek culture could be seen as undermining the very manliness of the Romans. Young boys from rich Roman families learned Greek alongside Latin.Yet a deep ambiguity remained around these borrowings from a conquered people. Yet more recently the Republic’s more democratic elements have been emphasised; above all the need for elite politicians to use oratory to persuade assemblies of the people.Between 341 and 338 BC the Romans faced a rebellion by their neighbouring Latin allies. The most straightforward theory for Western Rome’s collapse pins the fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside forces. This vicious circle was finally halted, and the empire given breathing space, by the emperor Diocletian (r284–305). To read about the background of these events, see Ancient Rome and History of the Byzantine Empire.

The Roman upper classes embraced Greek literature and philosophy, art and architecture, and by the last century BC it was necessary to be thoroughly conversant with Greek culture to be accepted as a member of the Roman elite. However, with overriding military authority and the right to make law, he had in effect reintroduced one-man rule, and become Rome’s first emperor. Rome demonstrated its adaptability in building its first large war fleet, and its almost limitless manpower in building several replacements after repeated catastrophic disasters. Later Romans looked back on the wars with mixed feelings. Christians had been persecuted from the earliest days of the religion. The Romans weathered a Germanic uprising in the late fourth century, but in 410 the Visigoth King Alaric successfully sacked the city of Rome. In theory the senate, a body made up of serving and ex-magistrates, did no more than offer advice.There is still lively scholarly debate on the nature of Republican politics in Rome.

Please enter your number below.The official website for BBC History Magazine, BBC History Revealed and BBC World Histories MagazineWhat are the key dates in the timeline of Roman history? By entering your details, you are agreeing to HistoryExtra Others, though, saw the elimination of Carthage, the only credible threat to Roman existence, as the ushering in of an age of luxury and moral decline.During the last two centuries BC, Rome conquered the Eastern Mediterranean by defeating the Hellenistic [ancient Greek] kingdoms founded by the successors of Alexander the Great. Although sources for the early Republic are better than those for the preceding regal period, the veracity of this tale is also in doubt.The Republican system itself was based around the idea that only an assembly of the people had the right to pass laws and elect magistrates. That date was when Odoacer, the Germanic king of the Torcilingi, deposed Romulus Augustulus, the last Roman emperor to rule the western part of the Roman Empire. Such vibrant debates underpin the perennial fascination of this world-changing event. After Rome emerged victorious, the settlement they imposed underpinned subsequent Roman conquests of Italy and overseas territories.


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