In 49 B.C., Caesar and one of his legions crossed the Rubicon, a river on the border between Italy from Cisalpine Gaul. Vitellius was murdered by Vespasian’s men, and Vespasian (r. 69-79 CE) took power exactly one year from the day Galba had first ascended to the throne.Vespasian founded the Flavian Dynasty which was characterized by massive building projects, economic prosperity, and expansion of the empire. shows the various people who invaded and how they carved up the Empire. Augustus ruled the empire from 31 BCE until 14 CE when he died.
After Sulla retired, one of his former supporters, Pompey, briefly served as consul before waging successful military campaigns against pirates in the Mediterranean and the forces of Mithridates in Asia. and 123-22 B.C., respectively) ended in the reformers’ deaths at the hands of their opponents.Gaius Marius, a commoner whose military prowess elevated him to the position of consul (for the first of six terms) in 107 B.C., was the first of a series of warlords who would dominate Rome during the late republic. Whatever the cause, Rome turned from a monarchy into a republic, a world derived from Rome was built on seven hills, known as “the seven hills of Rome”—Esquiline Hill, Palatine Hill, Aventine Hill, Capitoline Hill, Quirinal Hill, Viminal Hill and Caelian Hill. Over 50,000 miles of road were built by 200 B.C. Rome then fought a series of wars known as the Rome’s military conquests led directly to its cultural growth as a society, as the Romans benefited greatly from contact with such advanced cultures as the Greeks. and ended in A.D. 393. The Roman Empire, founded in 27 B.C., was a vast and powerful domain that gave rise to the culture, laws, technologies and institutions that continue to define Western civilization. Roman Empire, the ancient empire, centered on the city of Rome, that was established in 27 BCE following the demise of the Roman Republic and continuing to the final eclipse of the Empire in the West in the 5th century CE. This period began with Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus being awarded the title of Augustus. The Eastern Roman Empire continued on as the Byzantine Empire until 1453 CE, and though known early on as simply `the Roman Empire’, it did not much resemble that entity at all. The Roman Empire ended in 476 A.D. and the Byzantine Empire, in 1453 A.D. The first major Roman road—the famed Appian Way, or “queen of the roads”—was constructed in 312 B.C. With old-style Roman politics in disorder, Pompey stepped in as sole consul in 53 B.C. Attempts to address these social problems, such as the reform movements of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus (in 133 B.C. While officially proclaiming a policy of religious tolerance, Julian systematically removed Christians from influential government positions, banned the teaching and spread of the After the brief rule of Jovian, who re-established Christianity as the dominant faith of the empire and repealed Julian’s various edicts, the responsibility of emperor fell to Theodosius I. Theodosius I (r. 379-395 CE) took Constantine’s and Jovian’s religious reforms to their natural ends, outlawed pagan worship throughout the empire, closed the schools and universities, and converted pagan temples into Christian churches after proclaiming Christianity Rome's state religion in 380 CE.