ludwig van beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven fue un músico y compositor alemán. The entire spirit is that of an operatic scena. [citation needed] Works from this period are characterised by their intellectual depth, their formal innovations, and their intense, highly personal expression. Kaspar Anton Karl was born on 8 April 1774, and Nikolaus Johann (generally known as Johann), the youngest, was born on 2 October 1776. [8][n 2] Beethoven soon began working with Neefe as assistant organist, at first unpaid (1782), and then as a paid employee (1784) of the court chapel. "[114] From 1814 onwards Beethoven used for conversation ear-trumpets designed by Johann Nepomuk Maelzel (a number of these are on display at the Beethoven-Haus in Bonn). Beethoven acceded to these requests, as he could not prevent publishers from hiring others to do similar arrangements of his works. 7–11), several piano sonatas (including the Waldstein and Appassionata sonatas), the Kreutzer violin sonata and his only opera, Fidelio. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Classical music, he remains one of the most recognised and influential of all composers. Under the introductory slow chords in the last movement, Beethoven wrote in the manuscript "Muss es sein?" Drabkin concludes that "now that we have lived with them so long ... as long as there are programme notes, essays written to accompany recordings, and all-Beethoven recitals, it is hard to imagine us ever giving up the notion of discrete stylistic periods. Vienna honoured Beethoven with a statue in 1880. His Violin Concerto appeared in 1806. The von Breuning family environment offered an alternative to his home life, which was increasingly dominated by his father's decline. [107] The work received repeat performances at concerts staged by Beethoven in January and February 1814. When it premiered in early 1805 it received a mixed reception. Com sete anos participou de um recital na Academia de Sternengass. The String Quartet, Op. 109 / Sonata no. The overture The Consecration of the House (1822) was an early work to attempt to incorporate these influences. [139] Beethoven's portrait by Ferdinand Schimon [de] of this year, which was one of the most familiar images of him for the next century, was described by Schindler as, despite its artistic weaknesses, "in the rendering of that particular look, the majestic forehead ... the firmly shut mouth and the chin shaped like a shell, ... truer to nature than any other picture". [117], Between 1815 and 1819 Beethoven's output dropped again to a level unique in his mature life. 106) and his settings of poems by Alois Jeitteles, An die ferne Geliebte Op. [54], In the spring of 1801 he completed The Creatures of Prometheus, a ballet. Streicher left Stein's business to set up his own firm in 1803, and Beethoven continued to admire his products, writing to him in 1817 of his "special preference" for his pianos. 無料配送. [166], On his return journey to Vienna from Gneixendorf in December 1826, illness struck Beethoven again. 117 and The Ruins of Athens Op. "[n 9][111] That summer Beethoven composed a piano sonata for the first time in five years, his Sonata in E minor, Opus 90. serves as a museum, research center, and host of lectures and performances devoted solely to Beethoven's life and works. He survived and after discharge from hospital went to recuperate in the village of Gneixendorf with Beethoven and his uncle Johann. The piano sonatas, for example, were written throughout Beethoven's life in a progression that can be interpreted as continuous development; the symphonies do not all demonstrate linear progress; of all of the types of composition, perhaps the quartets, which seem to group themselves in three periods (Op. [146] The first of the three sonatas, for which Beethoven contracted with Schlesinger in 1820 at 30 ducats per sonata, (further delaying completion of the Mass), was sent to the publisher at the end of that year (the Sonata in E major, Op. "[17], Beethoven left Bonn for Vienna in November 1792, amid rumours of war spilling out of France; he learned shortly after his arrival that his father had died. [60] The cause was probably otosclerosis, perhaps accompanied by degeneration of the auditory nerve. Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. Born in Bonn, then the capital of the Electorate of Cologne and part of the Holy Roman Empire, Beethoven displayed his musical tale… Beethoven is well know for his many works, especially Ode … 97 (1811) and Missa solemnis Op. 1 and 2, and a few minor pieces, and began but abandoned a sixth piano concerto. [205], Beethoven's music features twice on the Voyager Golden Record, a phonograph record containing a broad sample of the images, common sounds, languages, and music of Earth, sent into outer space with the two Voyager probes. The young Carl Czerny, who later became a renowned music teacher himself, studied with Beethoven from 1801 to 1803. 86) for his wife's name-day. [10] His musical talent was obvious at a young age. [83] During the French bombardment of Vienna in May Beethoven took refuge in the cellar of the house of his brother Kaspar. I was deeply saddened. Unsympathetic to developments in German romanticism that featured the supernatural (as in operas by Spohr, Heinrich Marschner and Carl Maria von Weber), he also "resisted the impending Romantic fragmentation of the ... cyclic forms of the Classical era into small forms and lyric mood pieces" and turned towards study of Bach, Handel and Palestrina. He gave some support to Beethoven, appointing him Court Organist and paying towards his visit to Vienna of 1792. [59] As early as 1801, he wrote to Wegeler and another friend Karl Amenda, describing his symptoms and the difficulties they caused in both professional and social settings (although it is likely some of his close friends were already aware of the problems). 133). [98], In early 1813 Beethoven apparently went through a difficult emotional period, and his compositional output dropped. 10 in F major, Op. He later had other local teachers: the court organist Gilles van den Eeden (d. 1782), Tobias Friedrich Pfeiffer (a family friend, who provided keyboard tuition), Franz Rovantini (a relative, who instructed him in playing the violin and viola),[2] and court concertmaster Franz Anton Ries for the violin. From now on I intend to take a new way. Explore releases from Ludwig van Beethoven at Discogs. ")[144], It was in 1819 that Beethoven was first approached by the publisher Moritz Schlesinger who won the suspicious composer round, whilst visiting him at Mödling, by procuring for him a plate of roast veal. [195] The Érard piano, with its exceptional resonance, may have influenced Beethoven's piano style – shortly after receiving it he began writing his "Waldstein" Sonata[196] – but despite initial enthusiasm he seems to have abandoned it before 1810, when he wrote that it was "simply not of any use any more"; in 1824 he gave it to his brother Johann. ("It must be!"). [21] His mother died in 1787, shortly after Beethoven's first visit to Vienna, where he stayed for about two weeks and almost certainly met Mozart. [181] Franz Schubert and the violinist Joseph Mayseder were among the torchbearers. In the years from 1810, increasingly less socially involved, Beethoven composed many of his most admired works including his later symphonies and his mature chamber music and piano sonatas. It has been suggested that Beethoven largely abandoned composition between 1785 and 1790, possibly as a result of negative critical reaction to his first published works. In April Beethoven had completed writing his Piano Concerto No. [2][3] Ludwig was employed as a bass singer at the court of Clemens August, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, eventually rising to become, in 1761, Kapellmeister (music director) and hence a pre-eminent musician in Bonn. Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classical music repertoire. He dedicated his 1802 Sonata Op. Although Beethoven was proud to receive it, he seems to have been dissatisfied by its tone (a dissatisfaction which was perhaps also a consequence of his increasing deafness), and sought to get it remodelled to make it louder. Dezember 1770 in Bonn, Kurköln; † 26. 52 collection (1805) and the Wind Octet reworked in Vienna in 1793 to become his String Quintet, Op. His middle (heroic) period began shortly after the personal crisis brought on by his recognition of encroaching deafness. [47], Shortly after his public debut he arranged for the publication of the first of his compositions to which he assigned an opus number, the three piano trios, Opus 1. Later that day, when the wine from Schott arrived, he whispered, "Pity – too late. [198][n 15] In 1825 Beethoven commissioned a piano from Conrad Graf, which was equipped with quadruple strings and a special resonator to make it audible to him, but which failed in this task. Ludwig van Beethoven Music Prince Maximillian Franz was also aware of Beethoven's music and so he sent Beethoven to Vienna, in 1787, to meet Mozart and further his musical education. Another frequenter of the von Breunings was Count Ferdinand von Waldstein, who became a friend and financial supporter during Beethoven's Bonn period. [81], The imminence of war reaching Vienna itself was felt in early 1809. "[171] Many visitors came to the death-bed; some locks of the dead man's hair were retained by Hüttenbrenner and Hiller, amongst others. Although he had been born a Catholic, the form of religion as practised at the court in Bonn where he grew up was, in the words of Maynard Solomon, "a compromise ideology that permitted a relatively peaceful coexistence between the Church and rationalism". The whole movement is headed "Der schwer gefasste Entschluss" ("The Difficult Decision"). Beethoven's remains were exhumed for study in 1863, and moved in 1888 to Vienna's Zentralfriedhof where they were reinterred in a grave adjacent to that of Schubert. [143], Beethoven's status was confirmed by the series of Concerts sprituels given in Vienna by the choirmaster Franz Xaver Gebauer in the 1819/1820 and 1820/1821 seasons, during which all eight of his symphonies to date, plus the oratorio Christus and the Mass in C, were performed. [103][n 7] He only regained custody after intensive legal struggles in 1820. In any case, by this time it must have seemed clear to his employer that Bonn would fall to the French, as it did in October 1794, effectively leaving Beethoven without a stipend or the necessity to return. His first major orchestral work, the First Symphony, appeared in 1800, and his first set of string quartets was published in 1801. In August, Karl, who had been seeing his mother again against Beethoven's wishes, attempted suicide by shooting himself in the head. [40] By 1793, he had established a reputation in Vienna as a piano virtuoso, but he apparently withheld works from publication so that their eventual appearance would have greater impact. There was a large audience (including Czerny and the young Ignaz Moscheles), but it was under-rehearsed, involved many stops and starts, and during the Fantasia Beethoven was noted shouting at the musicians "badly played, wrong, again!" His personal appearance degraded—it had generally been neat—as did his manners in public, notably when dining. Neither of these works was to be completed for a few years. [n 8] It was first performed on 8 December, along with his Seventh Symphony, Op. He also sought some reconciliation with the mother of his nephew, including supporting her income, although this did not meet with the approval of the contrary Karl. Working under Haydn's direction,[34] he sought to master counterpoint. German composer and pianist. 83) and learning about the poet from a mutual acquaintance, Bettina Brentano (who also wrote to Goethe at this time about Beethoven). The inventor Mälzel persuaded him to write a work commemorating the event for his mechanical instrument the Panharmonicon. - Viena, 26 de marzo de 1827) fue un compositor, director de orquesta, pianista y profesor de piano alemán. Antonie left Vienna with her husband in late 1812 and never met with (or apparently corresponded with) Beethoven again, although in her later years she wrote and spoke fondly of him. [165] Following this in November Beethoven completed his final composition, the replacement finale for the op. [57], Beethoven told the English pianist Charles Neate (in 1815) that he dated his hearing loss from a fit he suffered in 1798 induced by a quarrel with a singer. On one of the sketches for the Missa Solemnis he wrote "Plea for inner and outer peace". [4] Ludwig had one son, Johann (1740–1792), who worked as a tenor in the same musical establishment and gave keyboard and violin lessons to supplement his income. [50], Beethoven composed his first six string quartets (Op. [160] A second concert on 24 May, in which the producer guaranteed him a minimum fee, was poorly attended; nephew Karl noted that "many people [had] already gone into the country". It was delayed again by the Austrian censor and finally premiered, under its present title of Fidelio in November 1805 to houses that were nearly empty because of the French occupation of the city. 3–8), the last two piano concertos, the Triple Concerto and violin concerto, five string quartets (Nos. ludwig van beethovenのすべてのカテゴリでの落札相場一覧です。. 98, (1816), which introduced the song cycle into classical repertoire. In November the Philharmonic Society of London offered a commission for a symphony, which he accepted with delight, as an appropriate home for the Ninth Symphony on which he was working. Written in his last years, his late string quartets of 1825–26 are amongst his final achievements. He was attended until his death by Dr. Andreas Wawruch, who throughout December noticed symptoms including fever, jaundice and dropsy, with swollen limbs, coughing and breathing difficulties. Ludwig van Beethoven (16. joulukuuta 1770 Bonn, Kölnin vaaliruhtinaskunta – 26. maaliskuuta 1827 Wien, Itävallan keisarikunta) oli saksalainen säveltäjä klassismin ja romantiikan siirtymäkaudella. [70], Other middle period works extend in the same dramatic manner the musical language Beethoven had inherited. [115], His 1815 compositions include an expressive second setting of the poem "An die Hoffnung" (Op. Ludwig Van Beethoven was a great composer, who spent many of his childhood years raising his younger siblings. His career has conventionally been divided into early, middle, and late periods. 135 in F major) which he sent to Schlesinger. He returned to the keyboard to compose his first piano sonatas in almost a decade: the works of the late period include the last five piano sonatas and the Diabelli Variations, the last two sonatas for cello and piano, the late string quartets (see below), and two works for very large forces: the Missa Solemnis and the Ninth Symphony. 「LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN」が7件の入札で330円、「GLENN GOULD/LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN PIANO SONATAS, VOLUME II/SONY」が5件の入札で560円、「LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN」が3件の入札で90円という値段で落札されました。. There is a consensus (with which Beethoven himself agreed) that his birth date was 16 December, but no documentary proof of this. [145] One consequence of this was that Schlesinger was to secure Beethoven's three last piano sonatas and his final quartets; part of the attraction to Beethoven was that Schlesinger had publishing facilities in Germany and France, and connections in England, which could overcome problems of copyright piracy. [194] From 1786 onwards there is evidence of Beethoven's cooperation with Johann Andreas Streicher, who had married Stein's daughter Nannette. Ludwig van Beethoven (Bonn, batizado em 17 de dezembro de 1770 – Viena, 26 de março de 1827) foi um compositor alemão, do período de transição entre o Classicismo (século XVIII) e o Romantismo (século XIX). But he could not count on such recognition alone. In addition to the Second Symphony, the concert also featured the First Symphony, the Third Piano Concerto, and the oratorio Christ on the Mount of Olives. Beethoven set the price at the high level of 50 ducats per quartet in a letter dictated to his nephew Karl, who was then living with him. After this was published in 1822 with a dedication to the poet, Beethoven wrote to him: "The admiration, the love and esteem which already in my youth I cherished for the one and only immortal Goethe have persisted. To persuade him to stay in Vienna, Archduke Rudolf, Prince Kinsky and Prince Lobkowitz, after receiving representations from Beethoven's friends, pledged to pay him a pension of 4000 florins a year. [71] Beethoven was hailed in 1810 by the writer and composer E. T. A. Hoffmann, in an influential review in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, as the greatest of (what he considered) the three "Romantic" composers (that is, ahead of Haydn and Mozart); in Beethoven's Fifth Symphony his music, wrote Hoffmann, "sets in motion terror, fear, horror, pain, and awakens the infinite yearning that is the essence of romanticism".[72]. Beethoven was buried in the Währing cemetery, north-west of Vienna, after a requiem mass at the church of the Holy Trinity (Dreifaltigkeitskirche) in Alserstrasse. 111 By this year he had two piano concertos available for performance, one in B-flat major he had begun composing before moving to Vienna and had worked on for over a decade, and one in C major composed for the most part during 1795. It was the first statue of a composer created in Germany, and the music festival that accompanied the unveiling was the impetus for the very hasty construction of the original Beethovenhalle in Bonn (it was designed and built within less than a month, on the urging of Franz Liszt). Some of his early patrons, including Prince Lobkowitz and Prince Lichnowsky, gave him annual stipends in addition to commissioning works and purchasing published works. [194] Amongst the other pianos Beethoven possessed was an Érard piano given to him by the manufacturer in 1803. [93] Malfatti was the niece of Beethoven's doctor, and he had proposed to her in 1810. 123, intended to be ready for his installation in Olomouc in March 1820. Beethoven was won over, and the symphony was first performed, along with sections of the Missa Solemnis, on 7 May 1824, to great acclaim at the Kärntnertortheater. Ludwig van Beethoven (Bonn, 15 of 16 december 1770 – Wenen, 26 maart 1827) was een Duitse componist, musicus, virtuoos en dirigent.Zijn stijl sluit direct aan op die van Mozart en Haydn, met wie hij tot de Eerste Weense School wordt gerekend. Later writers sought to identify sub-periods within this generally accepted structure. 80. He plays the piano very skilfully and with power, reads at sight very well ... the chief piece he plays is Das wohltemperierte Klavier of Sebastian Bach, which Herr Neefe puts into his hands". This familiarized him with a variety of operas, including works by Mozart, Gluck and Paisiello. The idea of creating a symphony based on the career of Napoleon may have been suggested to Beethoven by General Bernadotte in 1798. During this time, he fell in love with the younger daughter Josephine. [196][n 14] In 1818 Beethoven received, also as gift, a grand piano by John Broadwood & Sons. [163] Beethoven's favourite was the last of this series, the quartet in C♯ minor Op. The financial outcome is unknown. [6] There is no authentic record of the date of his birth; but the registry of his baptism, in the Catholic Parish of St. Remigius on 17 December 1770, survives, and the custom in the region at the time was to carry out baptism within 24 hours of birth. Su legado musical abarca, cronológicamente, desde el … Ludwig van Beethoven (December 16, 1770–March 26, 1827) was a German composer and musician. Fue uno de los más importantes e influyentes de los siglos XVIII y XIX. [141] Beethoven's Tagebuch (a diary he kept on an occasional basis between 1812 and 1818) shows his interest in a variety of religious philosophies, including those of India, Egypt and the Orient and the writings of the Rig-Veda. With premieres of his First and Second Symphonies in 1800 and 1803, he became regarded as one of the most important of a generation of young composers following Haydn and Mozart. From 1802 to around … 91, also known as the Battle Symphony). (Ludwig van Beethoven) Divino Creador, tú que puedes mirar en lo más profundo de mi alma, sabes que allí vive el amor hacia el hombre y el deseo de hacer el bien. A 1784 review in Johann Nikolaus Forkel's influential Musikalischer Almanack compared Beethoven's efforts to those of rank beginners. ルートヴィヒ・ヴァン・ベートーヴェン（独: Ludwig van Beethoven、標準ドイツ語ではルートヴィヒ・ファン・ベートホーフェンに近い[1]、1770年12月16日頃[2] - 1827年3月26日）は、ドイツの作曲家、ピアニスト。音楽史上極めて重要な作曲家の一人であり、日本では「楽聖」とも呼ばれる[3]。その作品は古典派音楽の集大成かつロマン派音楽の先駆けとされ、後世の音楽家たちに多大な影響を与えた。, 1770年12月16日頃、神聖ローマ帝国ケルン大司教領（現・ドイツ領）のボンにおいて、父・ヨハンと、宮廷料理人の娘である母・マリア・マグダレーナ（ドイツ語版）の長男[4]として生まれる。ベートーヴェン一家はボンのケルン選帝侯宮廷の歌手（のちに楽長）であり、幼少のベートーヴェンも慕っていた祖父・ルートヴィヒの援助により生計を立てていた。ベートーヴェンの父も宮廷歌手（テノール）[5]であった。しかし、元来無類の酒好きであったために収入は途絶えがちであって、1773年に祖父が亡くなると生活は困窮した。1774年ごろよりベートーヴェンは父からその才能をあてにされ、虐待とも言えるほどの苛烈を極める音楽のスパルタ教育を受けたことから、一時は音楽そのものに対して強い嫌悪感すら抱くようにまでなってしまった。1778年にはケルンでの演奏会に出演し、1782年11歳のときよりクリスティアン・ゴットロープ・ネーフェに師事した。, 1787年、16歳のベートーヴェンはウィーンに旅し、かねてから憧れを抱いていたモーツァルトを訪問した。しかし、最愛の母・マリアの危篤の報を受けてボンに戻った。母はまもなく死没し（肺結核）[6]、その後はアルコール依存症となり失職した父に代わっていくつもの仕事を掛け持ちして家計を支え、父や幼い兄弟たちの世話に追われる苦悩の日々を過ごした。, 1792年7月、ロンドンからウィーンに戻る途中でボンに立ち寄ったハイドンにその才能を認められて弟子入りを許され、11月にはウィーンに移住し（12月に父死去）、まもなくピアノの即興演奏の名手（ヴィルトゥオーゾ）として広く名声を博した。, 20代後半頃より持病の難聴（原因については諸説あり、鉛中毒説が通説）が徐々に悪化。28歳の頃には最高度難聴者[要出典]となる。音楽家として聴覚を失うという死にも等しい絶望感から、1802年には『ハイリゲンシュタットの遺書』をしたためて自殺も考えた。しかし、彼自身の芸術（音楽）への強い情熱をもってこの苦悩を乗り越え、ふたたび生きる意欲を得て新たな芸術の道へと進んでいくことになる。, 1804年に交響曲第3番を発表したのを皮切りに、その後10年間にわたって中期を代表する作品が書かれ、ベートーヴェンにとっての傑作の森（ロマン・ロランによる表現）と呼ばれる時期となる。その後、ピアニスト兼作曲家から、完全に作曲専業へと移った。, 40歳頃（晩年の約15年）には全聾[要出典]となり、さらに神経性とされる持病の腹痛や下痢にも苦しめられた。加えて、たびたび非行に走ったり自殺未遂を起こしたりするなどした甥・カールの後見人として苦悩するなど、一時作曲が停滞した。しかし、そうした苦悩の中で書き上げた交響曲第9番や『ミサ・ソレムニス』といった大作、ピアノ・ソナタや弦楽四重奏曲等の作品群は彼の辿り着いた境地の未曾有の高さを示すものであった。, 1826年12月に肺炎を患ったことに加え、黄疸も併発するなど病状が急激に悪化し、以後は病臥に伏す。翌1827年3月23日には死期を悟って遺書を認めた[7]。病床の中で10番目の交響曲に着手するも、未完成のまま同年3月26日、肝硬変のため波乱に満ちた生涯を閉じた。享年58（満56歳没）。その葬儀には2万人もの人々が参列するという異例のものとなった。この葬儀には、翌年亡くなるシューベルトも参列している。, 作曲家としてデビューしたてのころは耳疾に悩まされることもなく、古典派様式に忠実な明るく活気に満ちた作品を書いていた。この作風は、ハイドン、モーツァルトの強い影響下にあるためとの指摘もある[8]。, 1802年の一度目の危機とは、遺書を書いた精神的な危機である。ベートーヴェンはこの危機を、ウィーン古典派の形式を再発見することにより脱出した。つまりウィーン古典派の2人の先達よりも、素材としての動機の発展や展開・変容を徹底して重視し、形式的・構成的なものを追求した。この後は中期と呼ばれ、コーダの拡張など古典派形式の拡大に成功した。, 中期の交響曲はメヌエットではなくスケルツォの導入（第2番以降）、従来のソナタ形式を飛躍的に拡大（第3番）、旋律のもととなる動機やリズムの徹底操作（第5、7番）、標題的要素（第6番）、楽章の連結（第5、6番）、5楽章形式（6番）など、革新的な技法を編み出している。その作品は、古典派の様式美とロマン主義とをきわめて高い次元で両立させており、音楽の理想的存在として、以後の作曲家に影響を与えた。第5交響曲に典型的に示されている「暗→明」「苦悩を突き抜け歓喜へ至る」という図式は劇性構成の規範となり、のちのロマン派の多くの作品がこれに追随した。, これらのベートーヴェンの要求は必然的に「演奏人数の増加」と結びつき、その人数で生み出される人生を鼓舞するかのような強音やすすり泣くような弱音は多くの音楽家を刺激した。, 1818年の二度目の危機のときには後期の序曲集に代表されるようにスランプに陥っていたが、ホモフォニー全盛であった当時においてバッハの遺産、対位法つまりポリフォニーを研究した。対位法は中期においても部分的には用いられたが、大々的に取り入れることに成功し危機を乗り越えた。変奏曲やフーガはここに究められた。これにより晩年の弦楽四重奏曲、ピアノソナタ、『ミサ・ソレムニス』、『ディアベリ変奏曲』、交響曲第9番などの後期の代表作が作られた。交響曲第9番では第2楽章にスケルツォ、第3楽章に緩徐楽章と通常の交響曲の楽章と入れ替えが行われ、さらに第4楽章では独唱・合唱を含む声楽を用い、それまでにない画期的な交響曲を作曲している。, ベートーヴェンの音楽界への寄与は甚だ大きく、彼以降の音楽家は大なり小なり彼の影響を受けている。, ベートーヴェン以前の音楽家は、宮廷や有力貴族に仕え、作品は公式・私的行事における機会音楽として作曲されたものがほとんどであった。ベートーヴェンはそうしたパトロンとの主従関係（およびそのための音楽）を拒否し、大衆に向けた作品を発表する音楽家の嚆矢となった。音楽家＝芸術家であると公言した彼の態度表明、また一作一作が芸術作品として意味を持つ創作であったことは、音楽の歴史において重要な分岐点であり革命的とも言える出来事であった。, 中でもワーグナーは、ベートーヴェンの交響曲第9番における「詩と音楽の融合」という理念に触発され、ロマン派音楽の急先鋒としてその理念をより押し進め、楽劇を生み出した。また、その表現のため、豊かな管弦楽法により音響効果を増大させ、ベートーヴェンの用いた古典的な和声法を解体し、トリスタン和音に代表される革新的和声で調性を拡大した。, 一方のブラームスは、ロマン派の時代に生きながらもワーグナー派とは一線を画し、あくまでもベートーヴェンの堅固な構成と劇的な展開による古典的音楽形式の構築という面を受け継ぎ、ロマン派の時代の中で音楽形式的には古典派的な作風を保った。しかし、旋律や和声などの音楽自体に溢れる叙情性はロマン派以外の何者でもなかった。また、この古典的形式における劇的な展開と構成という側面はブラームスのみならず、ドヴォルザークやチャイコフスキー、20世紀においてはシェーンベルク、バルトーク、プロコフィエフ、ショスタコーヴィチ、ラッヘンマンにまで影響を与えている。, 同時代のロマン派を代表する芸術家E.T.A.ホフマンは、ベートーヴェンの芸術を褒め称え、自分たちロマン派の陣営に引き入れようとしたが、ベートーヴェンは当時のロマン派の、形式的な統一感を無視した、感傷性と感情表現に代表される芸術からは距離を置いた。ベートーヴェンが注目したものは、同時代の文芸ではゲーテやシラー、また古くはウィリアム・シェイクスピアらのものであり、本業の音楽ではバッハ、ヘンデルやモーツァルトなどから影響を受けた[9]。, ベートーヴェンが「前衛」であったのかどうかは、多くの音楽学者で見解が分かれる。原博は「ベートーヴェンは前衛ではない」と言い切り[10]、彼は当時の「交響曲」「協奏曲」「ソナタ」「変奏曲」などの構造モデルに準拠し、発案した新ジャンルというものは存在しないとしている。ただし、「メトロノームの活用」「母語での速度表示」「ピアノの構造強化と音域の拡張」「楽曲の大規模化」「大胆な管弦楽法」「演奏不可能への挑戦」「騒音の導入（戦争交響曲）」など、後世の作曲家に与えた影響は計り知れないものがある。, ベートーヴェンの母語であるドイツ語ではルートゥヴィヒ・ファン・ベートホーフェン ドイツ語発音: [ˈluːtvɪç fan ˈbeːthoːfən] ( 音声ファイル)と発音される。, 日本では明治時代の書物の中には「ベートーフェン」と記したものが若干あったが、ほどなく「ベートーヴェン」という記述が浸透していき、リヒャルト・ワーグナーのように複数の表記が残る（ワーグナー、ヴァーグナー、ワグネル）こともなかった。唯一の例外は、NHKおよび教科書における表記「ベートーベン」である。, 姓に“van”がついているのは、ベートーヴェン家がネーデルラント（フランドル）にルーツがあるためである（祖父の代にボンに移住）。vanがつく著名人には、画家のファン・エイク（van Eyck）、ヴァン・ダイク（van Dyck）、ファン・ゴッホ（van Gogh）などがいる。van Beethovenはオランダ語でファンベートホーヴェあるいはファンベートホーヴェン オランダ語発音: [fɑm ˈbeːtɦoːvə(n)]と発音される[要出典]。, vanはドイツ語、オランダ語では「ファン」と発音されるが、貴族を表す「von（フォン）」と間違われることが多い。「van」は単に出自を表し、庶民の姓にも使われ、「van Beethoven」という姓は「ビート（Beet）農場（Hoven）主の」という意味に過ぎない。しかしながら、当時のウィーンではベートーヴェンが貴族であると勘違いする者も多かった。, 偉大な音楽家を意味する「楽聖」という呼称は古くから存在するが、近代以降はベートーヴェンをもって代表させることも多い。たとえば3月26日の楽聖忌とはベートーヴェンの命日のことである。, 慢性的な腹痛や下痢は終生悩みの種であった。死後に行われた解剖では肝臓、腎臓、脾臓のほか、多くの内臓に損傷が見られた。これらの病の原因については諸説あり、定説はない。近年、ベートーヴェンの毛髪から通常の100倍近い鉛が検出されて注目を集めた。鉛は聴覚や精神状態に悪影響を与える重金属である。しかし、ベートーヴェンがどのような経緯で鉛に汚染されたかについても諸説あり、以下のとおりである。, 弟・カールの血筋が現在も残ってはいるが、ベートーヴェン姓は名乗っていない。カールの直系子孫の一人であるカール・ユリウス・マリア・ヴァン・ベートーヴェン（1870年5月8日生まれ）が1917年12月10日に他界したのを最後に、ベートーヴェン姓を名乗る子孫は途絶えている。, ベートーヴェンの伝記は多くあるが、1977年に刊行されたメイナード・ソロモンによる『ベートーヴェン』があり、このソロモン版伝記はのち、歴史家のピーター・ゲイによって精神分析的手法による労作として高く評価された[20]。, ロマン・ロランの伝記『ベートーヴェンの生涯』が片山敏彦訳で岩波文庫に収録されている。青空文庫にも収録された[21]。, フォーレは聴覚障害になってからも30作以上は発表しているが、ベートーヴェンに比べれば少ない。, "The deafness of Beethoven: an audiologic and medical overview. 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